{"componentChunkName":"component---src-templates-tag-query-tsx","path":"/tags/sanitation","result":{"data":{"allPost":{"nodes":[{"__typename":"MdxPost","slug":"/research/caste-prejudice-and-infection-why-a-dangerous-lack-of-hygiene-persists-in-government-hospitals/","title":"Caste prejudice and infection: why a dangerous lack of hygiene persists in government hospitals","date":"May 29, 2020","timeToRead":1,"description":"In light of India’s continuing efforts to reduce maternal mortality and make childbirth safer for women, this article explores why government hospitals continue to be dangerously unhygienic, posing serious risk of infection to patients in maternity wards and labor rooms.","tags":[{"name":"Research","slug":"research"},{"name":" Sanitation","slug":"sanitation"},{"name":" Maternal Health","slug":"maternal-health"}],"banner":null},{"__typename":"MdxPost","slug":"/research/revisiting-open-defecation-evidence-from-a-panel-survey-in-rural-north-india-2014-18/","title":"Revisiting Open Defecation: Evidence from a Panel Survey in Rural North India, 2014–18","date":"May 29, 2020","timeToRead":1,"description":"Since October 2014, the Government of India has worked towards the goal of eliminating open defecation by 2019 through the Swachh Bharat Mission. In June 2014, the results of a survey of rural sanitation behaviour in North India were first reported. The results from a late 2018 survey that revisited households from the 2014 survey in four states—Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh—are presented.","tags":[{"name":"Research","slug":"research"},{"name":" Sanitation","slug":"sanitation"}],"banner":null},{"__typename":"MdxPost","slug":"/research/measuring-open-defecation-in-india-using-survey-questions-evidence-from-a-randomized-survey-experiment/","title":"Measuring open defecation in India using survey questions: Evidence from a randomized survey experiment","date":"Sep 28, 2019","timeToRead":1,"description":"Objectives: To investigate differences in reported open defecation between a question about latrine use or open defecation for every household member and a household-level question.","tags":[{"name":"Research","slug":"research"},{"name":" Sanitation","slug":"sanitation"}],"banner":null},{"__typename":"MdxPost","slug":"/research/implications-of-wash-benefits-trials-for-water-and-sanitation/","title":"Implications of WASH Benefits trials for water and sanitation","date":"Feb 25, 2019","timeToRead":1,"description":"This paper argues that while the results of the WASH Benefits trials are important for understanding sanitation intervention and similar programmes, they do not imply that child health would not be improved by a large transition from open defecation to latrine use, especially in a densely populated area, and that these results are consistent with existing observational data.","tags":[{"name":"Research","slug":"research"},{"name":" Sanitation","slug":"sanitation"}],"banner":null},{"__typename":"MdxPost","slug":"/research/odf-mukt-the-swachh-bharat-mission-according-to-local-government-officials/","title":"Coercion, construction, and ’ODF paper pe’: The Swachh Bharat Mission, according to local government officials","date":"Feb 25, 2019","timeToRead":1,"description":"This article draws upon 156 qualitative interviews conducted with the village and block-level officials in Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, and Uttar Pradesh, as well as on new quantitative survey data, to answer these questions. ","tags":[{"name":"Research","slug":"research"},{"name":" Sanitation","slug":"sanitation"}],"banner":null},{"__typename":"MdxPost","slug":"/research/open-defecation-manual-scavengings-legacy-in-rural-india/","title":"Open defecation: Manual scavenging’s legacy in rural India","date":"Feb 15, 2019","timeToRead":1,"description":"This book chapter argues that casteist attitudes that relegate Dalits to the filthy work of manual scavenging are at the root of many Indians’ distaste for the simple pit latrines that the government is promoting in its campaign to eliminate open defecation.","tags":[{"name":"Research","slug":"research"},{"name":" Sanitation","slug":"sanitation"},{"name":" Social Hierarchy","slug":"social-hierarchy"}],"banner":null},{"__typename":"MdxPost","slug":"/research/changes-in-open-defecation-in-rural-north-india-2014-2018-2/","title":"Changes in open defecation in rural north India: 2014 – 2018","date":"Jan 04, 2019","timeToRead":2,"description":"This new research sheds light on what the SBM did and on changes in open defecation since 2014. It is informative about changes because researchers revisited families who participated in a 2014 survey.","tags":[{"name":"Research","slug":"research"},{"name":" Sanitation","slug":"sanitation"},{"name":" Social Hierarchy ","slug":"social-hierarchy"}],"banner":null},{"__typename":"MdxPost","slug":"/policy_outreach/tools-for-designing-a-credible-survey-of-open-defecation/","title":"Tools for designing a credible survey of open defecation","date":"Feb 08, 2018","timeToRead":1,"description":"This note summarizes r.i.c.e.’s recommendations for how to design and implement a household survey measuring open defecation. We have already shared these recommendations on prior occasions, including in meetings with government officials and multilateral agencies, in articles in the media, and in academic forums.","tags":[{"name":"Policy Outreach","slug":"policy-outreach"},{"name":" Sanitation","slug":"sanitation"}],"banner":null},{"__typename":"MdxPost","slug":"/policy_outreach/measuring-open-defecation-in-india-evidence-from-a-randomized-survey-experiment/","title":"Measuring open defecation in India: evidence from a randomized survey experiment","date":"Jan 29, 2018","timeToRead":1,"description":"We compare results of eight studies of new data from rural India, all released in approximately the past year. Because these studies used slightly different survey questions, differences in results across survey designs can suggest principles for the design of new surveys.","tags":[{"name":"Policy Outreach","slug":"policy-outreach"},{"name":" Sanitation","slug":"sanitation"}],"banner":{"childImageSharp":{"fluid":{"src":"/static/b1b073c5dc86cd28ba3f5abf2efb2ca7/29765/policy-brief-6-od.jpg","srcSet":"/static/b1b073c5dc86cd28ba3f5abf2efb2ca7/bdb57/policy-brief-6-od.jpg 125w,\n/static/b1b073c5dc86cd28ba3f5abf2efb2ca7/589a8/policy-brief-6-od.jpg 250w,\n/static/b1b073c5dc86cd28ba3f5abf2efb2ca7/29765/policy-brief-6-od.jpg 500w,\n/static/b1b073c5dc86cd28ba3f5abf2efb2ca7/3cb36/policy-brief-6-od.jpg 750w,\n/static/b1b073c5dc86cd28ba3f5abf2efb2ca7/1f218/policy-brief-6-od.jpg 1000w","aspectRatio":2.5,"sizes":"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px","base64":"data:image/jpeg;base64,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"}}}},{"__typename":"MdxPost","slug":"/research/switching-to-sanitation-understanding-latrine-adoption-in-a-representative-panel-of-rural-indian-households/","title":"Switching to sanitation: Understanding latrine adoption in a representative panel of rural Indian households","date":"Jun 25, 2017","timeToRead":1,"description":"Open defecation, which is still practiced by about a billion people worldwide, is one of the most compelling examples of how place influences health in developing countries.","tags":[{"name":"Research","slug":"research"},{"name":" Sanitation","slug":"sanitation"}],"banner":null},{"__typename":"MdxPost","slug":"/research/place-and-child-health-the-interaction-of-population-density-and-sanitation-in-developing-countries/","title":"Place and child health : The interaction of population density and sanitation behavior in developing countries","date":"Dec 01, 2016","timeToRead":1,"description":"A long literature in demography has debated the importance of place for health, especially children’s health. In this study, we assess whether the importance of dense settlement for infant mortality and child height is moderated by exposure to local sanitation behavior.","tags":[{"name":"Research","slug":"research"},{"name":" Sanitation","slug":"sanitation"}],"banner":null},{"__typename":"MdxPost","slug":"/research/sanitation-the-disease-environment-and-anemia-among-young-children/","title":"Sanitation, Disease, and Anemia: Evidence From Nepal","date":"Dec 01, 2016","timeToRead":1,"description":"Anaemia impairs physical and cognitive development in children and reduces human capital accumulation. The prior economics literature has focused on the role of inadequate nutrition in causing anaemia. ","tags":[{"name":"Research","slug":"research"},{"name":" Sanitation","slug":"sanitation"}],"banner":null},{"__typename":"MdxPost","slug":"/research/caste-purity-and-pollution-and-the-puzzle-of-open-defecation-in-india-evidence-from-a-novel-measure-in-a-nationally-representative-survey/","title":"The puzzle of open defecation in rural India: Evidence from a novel measure of caste attitudes in a nationally-representative survey","date":"Nov 15, 2016","timeToRead":1,"description":"Uniquely widespread and persistent open defecation in rural India has emerged as an important policy challenge and puzzle about behavioral choice in economic development.","tags":[{"name":"Research","slug":"research"},{"name":" Sanitation","slug":"sanitation"},{"name":" Social Hierarchy","slug":"social-hierarchy"}],"banner":null},{"__typename":"MdxPost","slug":"/research/growing-taller-among-toilets-evidence-from-changes-in-sanitation-and-child-height-in-cambodia-2005-2010/","title":"Disease externalities and net nutrition: Evidence from changes in sanitation and child height in Cambodia, 2005–2010","date":"Oct 15, 2016","timeToRead":1,"description":"Child height is an important indicator of human capital and human development, in large part because early life health and net nutrition shape both child height and adult economic productivity and health.","tags":[{"name":"Research","slug":"research"},{"name":" Sanitation","slug":"sanitation"}],"banner":null},{"__typename":"MdxPost","slug":"/research/purity-pollution-and-untouchability-challenges-affecting-the-adoption-use-and-sustainability-of-sanitation-programmes-in-rural-india/","title":"Purity, pollution, and untouchability: challenges affecting the adoption, use, and sustainability of sanitation programmes in rural India","date":"Jul 06, 2016","timeToRead":1,"description":"Despite decades of toilet construction, open defecation (OD) remains stubbornly common in rural India. The three authors, all associated with the Research Institute for Compassionate Economics (RICE), explore one of the reasons for this: the rejection of affordable pit latrines – particularly the emptying of them – because they are considered ritually polluting.","tags":[{"name":"Research","slug":"research"},{"name":" Sanitation","slug":"sanitation"}],"banner":null},{"__typename":"MdxPost","slug":"/research/can-collective-action-strategies-motivate-behavior-change-to-reduce-open-defecation-in-rural-india/","title":"Can collective action strategies motivate behavior change to reduce open defecation in rural India?","date":"May 10, 2016","timeToRead":1,"description":"The world’s remaining open defecation is increasingly concentrated in rural India. The Indian government’s efforts to reduce open defecation by providing subsidies for latrine construction have been largely unsuccessful in addressing the problem. It is now clear that behavior change must be the priority if progress on ending open defecation is to be made.","tags":[{"name":"Research","slug":"research"},{"name":" Sanitation","slug":"sanitation"},{"name":" Social Hierarchy","slug":"social-hierarchy"}],"banner":null},{"__typename":"MdxPost","slug":"/research/village-sanitation-and-child-health-effects-and-external-validity-in-a-randomized-field-experiment-in-rural-indiahammer-and-spears/","title":"Village sanitation and child health: Effects and external validity in a randomized field experiment in rural India","date":"Apr 20, 2016","timeToRead":1,"description":"Over a billion people worldwide defecate in the open, with important consequences for early-life health and human capital accumulation in developing countries.","tags":[{"name":"Research","slug":"research"},{"name":" Sanitation","slug":"sanitation"}],"banner":null},{"__typename":"MdxPost","slug":"/research/health-and-hunger-can-an-improving-disease-environment-explain-the-indian-calorie-consumption-decline-puzzle/","title":"Health and hunger: Can an improving disease environment explain the Indian calorie consumption decline puzzle?","date":"Feb 01, 2016","timeToRead":1,"description":"India's experience presents a puzzle at odds with a basic fact of household economics: amidst unprecedented economic growth, average per capita daily calorie consumption has declined in recent decades.","tags":[{"name":"Research","slug":"research"},{"name":" Sanitation","slug":"sanitation"}],"banner":null},{"__typename":"MdxPost","slug":"/research/improving-sanitation-is-a-policy-priority-for-childrens-human-capital-in-rural-india-lessons-from-recent-literature-and-the-ihds/","title":"Improving sanitation is a policy priority for children’s human capital in rural India: lessons from recent literature and the IHDS","date":"Nov 30, 2015","timeToRead":1,"description":"The first part of this chapter reviews evidence from the literature of a large effect of open defecation on child height that can account for important international differences. The second part of the chapter presents new empirical results using the rural part of the India Human Development Survey (IHDS). ","tags":[{"name":"Research","slug":"research"},{"name":" Sanitation","slug":"sanitation"}],"banner":null},{"__typename":"MdxPost","slug":"/research/sanitation-and-health-externalities-resolving-the-muslim-mortality-paradox/","title":"Neighborhood Sanitation and Infant Mortality","date":"May 01, 2015","timeToRead":1,"description":"Ending open defecation in the developing world has gained significant policy attention recently, motivated by the idea that private demand for latrines lies below the social optimum. ","tags":[{"name":"Research","slug":"research"},{"name":" Sanitation","slug":"sanitation"}],"banner":null},{"__typename":"MdxPost","slug":"/research/why-sanitation-matters-for-nutrition/","title":"Why sanitation matters for nutrition","date":"Mar 17, 2015","timeToRead":1,"description":"Water, sanitation, and hygiene can have a profound effect on health and nutrition. A growing base of evidence on the link between sanitation, child height, and well-being has come at an opportune time, when the issue of sanitation and nutrition in developing countries has moved to the top of the post-2015 development agenda.","tags":[{"name":"Research","slug":"research"},{"name":" Sanitation","slug":"sanitation"}],"banner":null},{"__typename":"MdxPost","slug":"/policy_outreach/policy-memo-on-toilet-technology-culture/","title":"Policy memo on toilet technology & culture","date":"Feb 06, 2015","timeToRead":1,"description":"This notes asks why rural India has uniquely high rates of open defecation. It first explains that the 'usual suspects' – GDP, poverty, education, water access – are not to blame for widespread open defecation in rural India.","tags":[{"name":"Policy Outreach","slug":"policy-outreach"},{"name":" Sanitation","slug":"sanitation"},{"name":" Social Hierarchy","slug":"social-hierarchy"}],"banner":{"childImageSharp":{"fluid":{"src":"/static/bf4889185693ab0992ef06d45a80832a/29765/policy-memo-toilet-image.jpg","srcSet":"/static/bf4889185693ab0992ef06d45a80832a/bdb57/policy-memo-toilet-image.jpg 125w,\n/static/bf4889185693ab0992ef06d45a80832a/589a8/policy-memo-toilet-image.jpg 250w,\n/static/bf4889185693ab0992ef06d45a80832a/29765/policy-memo-toilet-image.jpg 500w,\n/static/bf4889185693ab0992ef06d45a80832a/3cb36/policy-memo-toilet-image.jpg 750w,\n/static/bf4889185693ab0992ef06d45a80832a/1f218/policy-memo-toilet-image.jpg 1000w","aspectRatio":2.5,"sizes":"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px","base64":"data:image/jpeg;base64,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"}}}},{"__typename":"MdxPost","slug":"/policy_outreach/hindi-handout-for-government-servants-to-promote-latrine-use/","title":"Hindi Handout for government servants to promote latrine use","date":"Jan 20, 2015","timeToRead":1,"description":"We developed a handout for a state government to help state government employees, such as ASHAs, Anganwadi Sevikas, Panchayat Secretaries and others to promote latrine use.","tags":[{"name":"Policy Outreach","slug":"policy-outreach"},{"name":" Sanitation","slug":"sanitation"}],"banner":{"childImageSharp":{"fluid":{"src":"/static/7f43f7caa515f61a3b5add05adf60157/29765/2015-latrine-slogans.jpg","srcSet":"/static/7f43f7caa515f61a3b5add05adf60157/bdb57/2015-latrine-slogans.jpg 125w,\n/static/7f43f7caa515f61a3b5add05adf60157/589a8/2015-latrine-slogans.jpg 250w,\n/static/7f43f7caa515f61a3b5add05adf60157/29765/2015-latrine-slogans.jpg 500w,\n/static/7f43f7caa515f61a3b5add05adf60157/3cb36/2015-latrine-slogans.jpg 750w,\n/static/7f43f7caa515f61a3b5add05adf60157/1f218/2015-latrine-slogans.jpg 1000w","aspectRatio":2.5,"sizes":"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px","base64":"data:image/jpeg;base64,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"}}}},{"__typename":"MdxPost","slug":"/research/effects-of-early-life-exposure-to-sanitation-on-childhood-cognitive-skills-evidence-from-indias-total-sanitation-campaign/","title":"Effects of Early-Life Exposure to Sanitation on Childhood Cognitive Skills Evidence from India’s Total Sanitation Campaign","date":"Oct 01, 2014","timeToRead":1,"description":"Early-life health shapes cognitive skills and human capital. In India, widespread open defecation without using a toilet is an important source of childhood disease. ","tags":[{"name":"Research","slug":"research"},{"name":" Sanitation","slug":"sanitation"}],"banner":null},{"__typename":"MdxPost","slug":"/research/revealed-preference-for-open-defecation-evidence-from-a-new-survey-in-rural-north-india-published/","title":"Revealed Preference for Open Defecation: Evidence from a New Survey in Rural North India (published)","date":"Sep 20, 2014","timeToRead":1,"description":"Despite economic growth, government latrine construction, and increasing recognition among policy-makers that it constitutes a health and human capital crisis, open defecation remains stubbornly widespread in rural India.","tags":[{"name":"Research","slug":"research"},{"name":" Sanitation","slug":"sanitation"}],"banner":null},{"__typename":"MdxPost","slug":"/research/revealed-preference-for-open-defecation-evidence-from-a-new-survey-in-rural-north-india-longer-working-paper/","title":"Revealed Preference for Open Defecation: Evidence from a new survey in rural north India (longer working paper)","date":"Sep 20, 2014","timeToRead":1,"description":"Despite economic growth, government latrine construction, and increasing recognition among policy-makers that it constitutes a health and human capital crisis, open defecation remains stubbornly widespread in rural India.","tags":[{"name":"Research","slug":"research"},{"name":" Sanitation","slug":"sanitation"}],"banner":null},{"__typename":"MdxPost","slug":"/policy_outreach/squat-policy-brief-1-what-can -be-done-to-end-open-defecation-in-india/","title":"SQUAT Policy Brief 1: What can be done to end open defecation in India?","date":"Sep 01, 2014","timeToRead":1,"description":"This policy brief presents policy solutions based on research summarized in 'Revealed Preference for Open Defecation: Evidence from a new survey in rural north India,' a research paper by Diane Coffey, Aashish Gupta, Payal Hathi, Nidhi Khurana, Nikhil Srivastav, and Sangita Vyas.","tags":[{"name":"Policy 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2014","timeToRead":2,"description":"","tags":[{"name":"Blog Post","slug":"blog-post"},{"name":" Sanitation","slug":"sanitation"}],"banner":{"childImageSharp":{"fluid":{"src":"/static/28f053d7a5d1d0b6239ef9d712d89398/ba2bb/latrine-pie-chart.jpg","srcSet":"/static/28f053d7a5d1d0b6239ef9d712d89398/bdb57/latrine-pie-chart.jpg 125w,\n/static/28f053d7a5d1d0b6239ef9d712d89398/589a8/latrine-pie-chart.jpg 250w,\n/static/28f053d7a5d1d0b6239ef9d712d89398/ba2bb/latrine-pie-chart.jpg 300w","aspectRatio":2.5,"sizes":"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 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In West Bengal they are richer, on average, and are therefore slightly taller. However, when wealth is held constant, children in Bangladesh are taller. This gap can be fully accounted for by differences in open defecation, and especially by open defecation in combination with differences in women’s status and maternal nutrition.","tags":[{"name":"Research","slug":"research"},{"name":" Sanitation","slug":"sanitation"},{"name":" Maternal Health","slug":"maternal-health"}],"banner":null},{"__typename":"MdxPost","slug":"/policy_outreach/can-food-alone-resolve-malnutrition-stunting-open-defecation-and-the-urgency-a-of-policy-response/","title":"Can food alone resolve “malnutrition”?: Stunting, open defecation, and the urgency a of policy response","date":"Feb 15, 2014","timeToRead":1,"description":"Evidence in the medical and epidemiological literature has documented that germs in feces can stunt children’s growth. 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